Planet Georezo » December 9, 2009

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09 décembre 2009
23:31
Study: Mediterranean Sea Fills In Two YearsVector One
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

The Australian reports that the Mediterranean Sea was mostly filled during a two year period as water flowing from the Atlantic Ocean moved into the largely dry area. Entering the Mediterranean on a shallow slope, the water may have filled the space at a rate of 10 meters per day. That being the case, one might [...]
23:10
ESRI Sends Geography Network to PastureJames Fee GIS Blog
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com
I know there are two groups of people out there right now. Those who can’t believe the Geography Network is still running and those who forgot it existed. Well now both sets of you can now know that it is going to be retired at the end of this year.

With lots of changes over time to online GIS and geographic information and the technologies used to serve them, the Geography Network has been replaced by better alternatives to publish and find data (like ArcGIS Online). Much of the same exact content, and much more content that has been updated, can now be found and used in easier and better ways. So ESRI is planning to retire the Geography Network in late December 2009.

Can you believe it has been almost 10 years? Let’s have Steely Dan play it out…

Related posts:

23:10
ESRI Sends Geography Network to Pasture
sur James Fee GIS Blog
I know there are two groups of people out there right now. Those who can’t believe the Geography Network is still running and those who forgot it existed. Well now both sets of you can now know that it is going to be retired at the end of this year.

With lots of changes over time to online GIS and geographic information and the technologies used to serve them, the Geography Network has been replaced by better alternatives to publish and find data (like ArcGIS Online). Much of the same exact content, and much more content that has been updated, can now be found and used in easier and better ways. So ESRI is planning to retire the Geography Network in late December 2009.

Can you believe it has been almost 10 years? Let’s have Steely Dan play it out…

Related posts:

22:45
Just in Time for the Holidays.. Nokia E72 S60 Smartphone hits the USGISuser GIS and Location Technology news
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

Looking for a sweet mobile device to keep you connected to your corporate email and social media services? The E72 from Nokia is worthy of a look! From Nokia… Keep on track of all those...

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22:42
Les données de Natural Earth au format KML
sur GEMTICE

Le site Naturalearth propose des données mondiales à des échelles particulières: 1/10 millions, 1/50 et 1/110. Google earth Library propose ces données au format KML, donc lisibles sous Google earth.

22:30
Traçabilité des réseaux enterrés selon les futures normes
sur Directions Magazine : Communiqués de presse

Traçabilité des réseaux enterrés selon les futures normes

21:01
Performance And Throughput Tips For ArcGIS Server 9.3.1 Cached Map Services And Apache HTTP Servermandown, geo.geek.nz
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

A new whitepaper has been published which talks about the popular topic of performance. This whitepaper provides a bundle of tips around performance and throughput for ArcGIS Server 9.3.1 cached map services when working with Apache. Today, it...
20:59
Data the key to the climate change debate : Part 2edparsons.com
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

As the thinking world watches the activities in Copenhagen rather than the latest news of Tiger Woods, the value of making climate change data more accessible a point I made last week, is gaining some momentum.

This week the UK’s Met Office released a subset of HadCRUT data-set, just about the most comprehensive data-set of historic climate data. Already John Graham-Cumming yes he of The Geek Atlas fame, is working on analysing and visualising the data.

Yes early days, but a confirmation of the value of making this information accessible..

Written and Submitted from the Googleplex (37.426N, 122.070W)
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20:51
ESRI Speaker Series Podcasts, ArcGIS Server 9.4 Previewmandown, geo.geek.nz
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

ArcGIS Server 9.4 is currently in beta stage and growing strongly for a release next year. As we work our way to this latest release you should know what's coming with ArcGIS Server 9.4. As part of the ESRI Speaker Series a new podcast has been...
20:51
ESRI Speaker Series Podcast, ArcGIS Server 9.4 Previewmandown, geo.geek.nz
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

ArcGIS Server 9.4 is currently in beta stage and growing strongly for a release next year. As we work our way to this latest release you should know what's coming with ArcGIS Server 9.4. As part of the ESRI Speaker Series a new podcast has been...
20:48
ESRI Mapping via facebook? You betcha!GISuser GIS and Location Technology news
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

Another cool, Geo social media story to share as we’ve recently stumbled onto the cool, free, map service from ESRI being made available to users of facebook. Enter the ESRI Facebook...

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20:11
3 Key Concepts in Coordinates and MappingIt's All About Data
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

The art and science of map making is not standing still; it has enjoyed a long tradition of innovation and incremental improvement. With this comes a raft of ideas, best practices, and terminology, some of which can occasionally be confusing. I was reminded of this recently by an interesting thread on the gislist mailing list (sign-up required) which discussed some of the words around modeling and mapping our world: geoid, ellipsoid, datum, coordinate system, projection, etc. Without going into the same detail as the excellent discussion there, I’d like to give you a whirlwind tour of what it takes to turn real-world locations into coordinates and then into maps.

The high level goal – starting with locations and ending up with coordinates you can plot on a map or visa-versa – is addressed with a coordinate system (also called a coordinate reference system). A coordinate system along with coordinates is enough to uniquely identify a spot on earth. For example, Safe Software is near (510359E, 5442815N) in the UTM10N/WGS84 coordinate system. There’s a lot packed into this concept; let’s look closer:

First Concept: Modeling the Earth

If you start with the assumption that the world is flat and try to make maps over a large area, it doesn’t work. The curvature of the earth gets in the way and prevents the measured angles and lengths from adding up. The typical strategy is to approximate the earth as an ellipsoid (flattened sphere) that fits your data well (be it a country, continent, or the whole world). In my example above, the WGS84 ellipsoid is 6,378,137m “wide” and 6,356,752.3142m “tall”. A more accurate strategy is to use the geoid, which is a smooth surface over the earth that roughly corresponds to the idea of “sea level”.

Second Concept: Tying the Model to the Earth

The next challenge is to associate coordinates (typically latitude, longitude, and height above the chosen ellipsoid) with real locations. There are lots of ways to do that (e.g. by consulting a GPS receiver or looking for nearby survey monuments). A datum extends a model of the earth with whatever else is needed to do this. Again going back to the example, the WGS84 datum is defined by the locations of US Department of Defense GPS stations located around the world, and is typically what GPS devices report by default.

Third Concept: Flattening it Out

The last (optional) concept is to flatten the map out. Again, there are many choices (called projections) that allow you to map between e.g. lat/long in degrees and northings/eastings in meters. Flattening the map adds distortion, but you can choose projections which preserve important properties to a greater or lesser extent, including area, distance, direction, shape, and scale. Our example uses the UTM10N projection, part of the family of oft-used “Universal Transverse Mercator” projections.

If you’re interested in more detail, the OGC and ISO standards bodies have done a good job of summarizing these concepts in Spatial Referencing by Coordinates (see especially Section 6).
20:07
10 Tips To Help With Your Online PR / Press DistributionGISuser GIS and Location Technology news
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

I receive tons of press releases on a daily basis… unfortunately, many of them are not distributed in a way that if online publication friendly. In this age of new media and online news its...

[[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

19:20
Cartographie historique de Philadelphie
sur GEMTICE

Google Maps Mania propose un site de cartographie historique de la ville de Philadelphie: PhilaPlace. Ce site, crée par la société historique de Pennsylvanie, propose des histoires des quartiers de Philadelphie, avec cartes postales ou photographies à l'appui. L'API de Google Mpas permet de localiser cette approche historique. Des onglets de trier les informations par sources et par thèmes. Deux visites virtuelles sont également proposées, l'une consacré au nord de la ville, l'autre au sud.
Les utilisateurs enregistrés peuvent contribuer au développement du site, en ajoutant leurs propres histoires.
19:12
De la cartographie historique dans un téléphone portable
sur GEMTICE

Digital Urban présente ce projet de développement d'applications pour les platesformes de téléphonie mobile: Android et Apple WebOS. Ce projet mené à l'université d'Edimbourg propose de découvrir des cartes anciennes superposées dans Google Maps, afin de découvrir l'histoire du lieu...où l'on se situe!
Le code source est disponible à cette adresse
Une vidéo de démonstration:

19:06
links for 2009-12-09Ogle Earth
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com
- Virtual Globes at AGU 2009 AGU Virtual globes session will be a live (free) webcast on 15 Dec 10:20am SF time
Comments (0)

19:02
Des exemples d'utilisations d' images aériennes sur sites
sur GEMTICE
Depuis la nouvelle mouture de l'API de Google Maps, il est possible d'afficher les images aériennes. Google Maps Mania en propose trois exemples:
Pour rappel, seules les deux villes de San Diego et San José sont disponibles pour le moment
18:49
Place Pages pour Google earth
sur GEMTICE

La fonction PlacePages qui était jusque là dédiée à Google Mpas est désormais disponible sur Gogle earth. Pour rappel, cette fonction "plus d'informations" permet d'afficher des une agrégat d'informations prises sur le web autour d'un lieu géoréférencé. POur accéder au service, il faut ouvrir dans "données géographies", le dossier "Infos géographiques du Web", puis "Lieux"

Source: Google LatLong
18:41
Habiller l'intérieur des modèles 3D
sur GEMTICE

Google Sketchup blog présente la réalisation 3D d'un groupe de développeurs: Chattanooga 3D.
Ils ont modéliser ce lieu du Tennessee, en y ajoutant des décors photographiques à l'intérieur du bâtiment.
Une petite vidéo de démonstration:

18:30
Google Goggles, Favorite Places, Place Pages et la réalité augmentée
sur Directions Magazine : Blogue

Google a fait cette semaine encore, quelle surprise, quelques annonces très significatives. La plus importante de celles-ci est sans doute l'application mobile (Android) Google Goggles, qui est une des premières matérialisations grand public du travail qu'effectue Google dans le domaine de la reconnaissance d'image. Il suffit de prendre une photo d'un monument, d'un tableau, d'une bouteille de vin, d'un

17:59
MEST 2009: Bahrain to Reduce CO2 Emissions Per Capita by 60% by 2014Between the Poles
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

In a very interesting presentation by Dominic McPolin of the Central Planning Office of Bahrain, he mentioned that Bahrain intends to reduce CO2 emissions per capita by 60% by 2014. This exceeds the GHG objectives of many other countries.
China's State Council says China will reduce its carbon intensity 40 to 45 percent by the year 2020 as compared to 2005 levels.

President Obama has announced a provisional pledge to cut carbon dioxide emissions by 17 percent from 2005 levels by 2020.

Canada's announced goal is 20% reduction in GHG by 2020, compared to 2006 levels.
India has announced plans to reduce India’s level of “emission intensity” by 20 to 25 percent by 2020 compared with 2005 levels.

17:58
Geoff Zeiss: MEST 2009: Bahrain to Reduce CO2 Emissions Per Capita by 60% by 2014
sur Planet OSGeo

In a very interesting presentation by Dominic McPolin of the Central Planning Office of Bahrain, he mentioned that Bahrain intends to reduce CO2 emissions per capita by 60% by 2014. This exceeds the GHG objectives of many other countries.
China's State Council says China will reduce its carbon intensity 40 to 45 percent by the year 2020 as compared to 2005 levels.

President Obama has announced a provisional pledge to cut carbon dioxide emissions by 17 percent from 2005 levels by 2020.

Canada's announced goal is 20% reduction in GHG by 2020, compared to 2006 levels.
India has announced plans to reduce India’s level of “emission intensity” by 20 to 25 percent by 2020 compared with 2005 levels.

17:57
Philadelphia's Past on Google Maps
sur Google Maps Mania

PhilaPlace

PhilaPlace is an interactive website, created by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, that connects stories to places across time in Philadelphia’s neighborhoods. The front page of PhilaPlace is dominated by a beautifully rendered animated Google Map. The map uses an historical map overlay of the city and animates through the site's historical stories. Users of the site can even add their own stories to the map.

Clicking on one of the links in the animated map windows takes the user to another Google Map that includes an incredible wealth of information about Pennsylvania's past. This information can be sorted by category and by source (data added by Historical Society of Pennsylvania or by users). The map also includes two tours, one for north Philadelphia and one for south Philadelphia.

The map markers, when clicked, include historical information and some incredible historical photographs of the city. This is definitely my favourite Google Map mashup of the week.

________________

17:28
Join GITA before the year ends for $99GISuser GIS and Location Technology news
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

Those of you looking for a little professional association benefit, be sure to check out GITA as the ORG is offering new membership and renewals for a discounted price of $99. Members receive further...

[[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
17:19
Talking, the lost art formVerySpatial
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

Not geospatial in any way, but the current story-line on Rose Is Rose is a fun little romp through the extremes of social networking.
17:04
ERDAS IMAGINE 2010 available for download...The Field Guide
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

Customers may download ERDAS IMAGINE 2010 by going to the ERDAS IMAGINE Product page and looking in the Download tab: [www.erdas.com]

The "ERDAS IMAGINE 2010 What's New" and "Increasing Workflow Efficiency with ERDAS IMAGINE 2010" documents found in the Product Literature tab should be very beneficial.

ERDAS IMAGINE 2010 is supported on the following platforms:

Windows XP Professional x32 and x64 SP3 or higher

Windows Vista x32 and x64 SP2 or higher, Business, Enterprise & Ultimate

Windows 7 x32 and x64 Professional & Ultimate

Windows Server 2008 x32 and x64 SP2 or higher

Note: Microsoft Windows XP x32 has limited large output file sizes. The maximum file size depends upon system configuration and rarely exceeds 70GB. All other supported OS versions do not experience this limitation.

16:58
Jeremy Garniaux: Utiliser Walking Papers pour cartographier dans OpenStreetMap
sur Planet OSGeo
Walking Papers est un service qui permet de contribuer à OpenStreetMap sans disposer de GPS. Si certains procédés existent déjà qui permettent de cartographier sans GPS (en se reposant notamment sur les photos aériennes de Yahoo ou le cadastre français), il s'agit à ma connaissance de la première méthode autorisant la cartographie de terrain sans GPS. Comme je n'en avais pas moi-même, j'ai testé ce Walking Papers avec une certaine curiosité, et voilà donc un petit compte-rendu / tutoriel de l'opération !

(La connaissance du fonctionnement général d'OpenStreetMap est un pré-requis à la bonne compréhension de ce tutoriel. Le guide du débutant présent sur le wiki d'OSM peut être utile !)
- Wolquine pèpeure ?
Le principe de Walking Paper est simple. Il s'agit d'imprimer un extrait d'OpenStreetMap sur une feuille A4 ; d'aller ensuite sur le terrain renseigner tous les éléments existants mais absents de la base de données, en les dessinant sur la feuille et en prenant des notes supplémentaires si nécessaire ; enfin, une fois de retour, et après avoir scanné la carte de terrain, de s'en servir comme guide pour reporter dans OSM tous ces nouveaux éléments en les taggant comme il se doit.
- Le territoire
La zone que j'ai choisi de cartographier se situe à Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, au croisement des communes de Guyancourt, Magny-les-Hameaux et Voisins le Bretonneux. Voilà ce qu'affiche OpenStreetMap avant le passage (cliquez sur la carte pour la taille originale) :

C'est l'espace situé entre la route de Chateaufort, l'avenue de l'Europe et la D91, relativement peu renseigné, que j'ai choisi d'aller cartographier.
- Impression de la carte
La page d'accueil du site Walking Papers permet de définir la zone qu'on souhaite imprimer :

Comme l'indique le site, un niveau de zoom d'au moins 14 est nécessaire pour éviter de se retrouver avec des zones trop grandes (et donc peu précise). En fonction des besoins, il est possible de configurer l'affichage en portrait ou en paysage. Une fois le cadrage effectué, un clic sur "Make" nous amène à une page d'où l'on peut télécharger le "Walking Paper" pour impression :

Il n'y a plus qu'à imprimer et à aller se balader... En plus de noter tous les éléments absents de la carte d'origine, on profitera de la sortie pour vérifier ce qui est déjà cartographié, notamment les noms de rues.
- Renvoyer la carte sur les serveurs de Walking Papers après le terrain
Voilà à quoi ressemblait ma carte une fois re-scannée :

C'est surtout le quart nord-ouest de la zone que j'ai renseigné. Comme je dis plus haut, il s'agit d'un espace partagé par trois communes, espace dédié aux activités tertiaires et au résidentiel. Dans la moitié sud de la carte, il existe en réalité un lotissement assez important ; j'ai commencé à le dessiner avant de me raviser, les faux angles droits des rues étant au-delà de mes capacités de "cartographe à main levée". J'ai donc préféré attendre de consulter le cadastre pour intégrer cette zone à OSM.

Mais avant de pouvoir éditer OpenStreetMap sur la base des informations récoltées ici, plusieurs étapes sont nécessaires : scanner la carte papier, d'abord, puis renvoyer ce scan sur les serveurs de Walking Papers.

Cette étape peut poser problème : j'ai du essayer de nombreuses fois avant que ça fonctionne pour cette carte. Si ça ne fonctionne pas malgré une bonne configuration (au moins 200 dpi, et le QRcode sur le côté droit), c'est qu'il vaut mieux attendre un peu et réessayer plus tard...

Une fois envoyée, la carte est recalée automatiquement. Cette réintégration du scan final est possible grâce au croisement de deux techniques différentes : SIFT d'un côté, qui permet la reconnaissance des formes présentes autour de la carte (la main avec le stylo par exemple) pour déterminer le sens de lecture, et un QR Code de l'autre pour indiquer les coordonnées géographiques de la carte.
- L'édition
Deux modes d'édition sont possibles : l'un directement dans Potlatch, le second dans JOSM à l'aide d'un plugin Walking Papers (voir le wiki OSM pour des détails sur l'utilisation des deux logiciels). Le choix de l'éditeur renvoie aux choix de chacun : Potlatch - l'éditeur en ligne - est plus facile d'usage, mais est assez gourmand en ressources (il m'arrive de faire planter Firefox en éditant dans Potlatch, avec 2 Go de RAM sur le PC...). Voilà à quoi ressemble Potlatch si on l'ouvre depuis la page "Scans" de Walking Papers :

On voit que par-dessus la carte papier se superposent les voies et nodes actuellement présents dans OSM. C'est également le cas avec JOSM : pour pouvoir afficher le Walking Paper dans ce dernier, il faut installer le plugin Walking Papers, qui aura besoin du numéro de la carte pour l'afficher (ce numéro est lisible à la fin de l'URL de la page de la carte que l'on vient de renvoyer sur le site de WP). La superposition de la carte de terrain et des éléments OSM présents dans la zone donne quelque chose comme ça :

Le travail de cartographie peut ensuite se faire, en s'aidant des informations présentes sur le Walking Paper. À vous de jouer... le lien en début de billet ("Guide du débutant") est un bon départ pour apprendre à contribuer à contribuer à OpenStreetMap !
16:53
Geoff Zeiss: MEST 2009: Locating Underground Infrastructure in Bahrain
sur Planet OSGeo
Today at MEST 2009, I had the opportunity to see a system for maintaining a single database containing all underground infrastructure in Bahrain. A single repository for all underground facilities is something that is only possible in a very few places in the world such as Tokyo and other Japanese cities, Sarajevo, Calgary, and Edmonton, which are the ones I am aware of. The system I saw is the Intelligent Decision Support System (iDSS) of the Ministry of Works and it was shown to me by Mr. Abbas Ally, Head of Central Planning Engineering in the Central Planning Office (CPO).
The Bahrain underground infrastructure system is unique for several reasons.
One Database of All Underground Infrastructure
According to Mr. Abbas the location of all underground infrastructure in Bahrain is stored in a single Oracle Spatial RDBMS.
- electricity including transmission, distribution, and street lighting,
- water including transmission and distribution,
- wastewater including storm, road, sanitary, and combined
- telecommunications
Stewardship
The source databases are maintained by the respective owners, water and electricity by the Water and Electricity Authority, telecommunications by Batelco, and wastewater by the Ministry of Works. iDSS has several layers of security, using OS and Oracle security, that determines who can see what, and who can update what.
Frequent Updates
The intention is for each operational database to be replicated to the iDSS database, which means that the iDSS database will be as up-to-date as the source databases are, though this capability does not appear to be functional at the present time. In the short time that I have been here I haven't been able to determine how reliable the individual source databases, electricity, water, wastewater, and telecommunications, are.
Excavation Requests
Anyone proposing to add to or make a change to undergound infrastructure is required to complete a Proposal Request, essentially a building permit. The request is forwarded electronically to all of the participating utilities, who are required to review and respond to the request within three days. Utilities who don't respond within three days are assumed to have approved the request. In 2008 over 7,000 requests were processed.
Voluntary
Accordng to Mr. Abbas, participation in iDSS is voluntary, but all utilities and Batelco are participating. Mr. Abbas explained that the primary reason that all the utility and telecommunications companies have agreed to participate is the business benefits they see resulting from participation. Given the amount of money utilities and telcos in North America spend on locating underground facilities in response to Call-Before-You-Dig and One-Call centers requests, I expect the business benefits to the individual utilities are considerable.

16:44
MEST 2009: Locating Underground Infrastructure in BahrainBetween the Poles
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com
Today at MEST 2009, I had the opportunity to see a system for maintaining a single database containing all underground infrastructure in Bahrain. A single repository for all underground facilities is something that is only possible in a very few places in the world such as Tokyo and other Japanese cities, Sarajevo, Calgary, and Edmonton, which are the ones I am aware of. The system I saw is the Intelligent Decision Support System (iDSS) of the Ministry of Works and it was shown to me by Mr. Abbas Ally, Head of Central Planning Engineering in the Central Planning Office (CPO).
The Bahrain underground infrastructure system is unique for several reasons.
One Database of All Underground Infrastructure
According to Mr. Abbas the location of all underground infrastructure in Bahrain is stored in a single Oracle Spatial RDBMS.
- electricity including transmission, distribution, and street lighting,
- water including transmission and distribution,
- wastewater including storm, road, sanitary, and combined
- telecommunications
Stewardship
The source databases are maintained by the respective owners, water and electricity by the Water and Electricity Authority, telecommunications by Batelco, and wastewater by the Ministry of Works. iDSS has several layers of security, using OS and Oracle security, that determines who can see what, and who can update what.
Frequent Updates
The intention is for each operational database to be replicated to the iDSS database, which means that the iDSS database will be as up-to-date as the source databases are, though this capability does not appear to be functional at the present time. In the short time that I have been here I haven't been able to determine how reliable the individual source databases, electricity, water, wastewater, and telecommunications, are.
Excavation Requests
Anyone proposing to add to or make a change to undergound infrastructure is required to complete a Proposal Request, essentially a building permit. The request is forwarded electronically to all of the participating utilities, who are required to review and respond to the request within three days. Utilities who don't respond within three days are assumed to have approved the request. In 2008 over 7,000 requests were processed.
Voluntary
Accordng to Mr. Abbas, participation in iDSS is voluntary, but all utilities and Batelco are participating. Mr. Abbas explained that the primary reason that all the utility and telecommunications companies have agreed to participate is the business benefits they see resulting from participation. Given the amount of money utilities and telcos in North America spend on locating underground facilities in response to Call-Before-You-Dig and One-Call centers requests, I expect the business benefits to the individual utilities are considerable.

16:30
Les usagers américains de Google Maps insatisfaits?
sur Directions Magazine : Blogue

Directions Magazine vient de divulguer les résultats d'un petit sondage lancé le mois dernier, dans lequel on posait la question suivante : "Que pensez-vous de la qualité des nouvelles données de Google Maps pour les États-Unis". Voici comment se répartissent les 144 répondants :

52% ont déclaré que les données n'étaient pas aussi bonnes
22% n'ont remarqué aucune différence
18% ont affirmé
16:30
Samsung et deCarta s'associent pour bada
sur Directions Magazine : Blogue

Samsung et deCarta ont annoncé la signature d'un accord selon lequel l'entreprise géospatiale américaine fournira aux développeurs les API nécessaires pour la réalisation d'applications basées sur la géolocalisation pour la nouvelle plateforme mobile pour smartphones bada. Selon ce qu'on peut lire dans le communiqué, "les développeurs d'applications sur la plateforme bada Samsung auront accès aux interfaces de

16:20
MySQL White Paper on LBS
sur All Points Blog

MySQL is offering a white paper (registration required) called "MySQL Cluster for Presence & Location-Based Services." The abstract notes, "This whitepaper explores the different types of services that can take advantage of locatio...Read more

16:20
MySQL White Paper on LBSAll Points Blog
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

MySQL is offering a white paper (registration required) called "MySQL Cluster for Presence & Location-Based Services." The abstract notes, "This whitepaper explores the different types of services that can take advantage of locatio...Read more

16:07
Time Travelling with Google Maps
sur Google Maps Mania
Walking Through Time

Walking Through Time is a mobile phone application that overlays historical maps on Google Maps so that you can view your current location as it was in the past. The application allows users to follow historical maps and to tag and attach links to the map that offer historical and contextual information.

The application is a project by Edinburgh College of Art and Edinburgh University. So far they have developed a working prototype and have open sourced the code.

Via: Digital Urban

Also See
- David Rumsey Google Map Collection - collection of historical maps
- Declassified Military Aerial Images Map - aerial photographs from the past
- Then & Now - historical photographs with Street View
- LookBackMaps - historical photographs & Street View
- Utrecht van Boven - historical photos of Utrecht on a Google Map
- Sydney Sidetracks - a map of audio, video and photographic records of Sydney's past
- HistoGrafica - historical photographs on Google Maps
- Virtual Time Travel - archive film of locations. One of my own old mashups. Some of the videos may now have been removed from YouTube but there are still enough old films here to make it worth a visit.
________________

15:46
Conseils à la carte : Des chloroplètes plus lisibles
sur arcOrama, un blog sur les SIG, ceux d ESRI en particulier

Les cartes chloroplètes (par aplats de couleurs) sont parmi les types de carte que l'on réalise le plus fréquemment avec les outils de cartographie thématique. Avec les SIG, il arrive souvent d'y superposer des données d'habillage ne faisant pas directement partie de la thématique représentée (toponymie par exemple). On peut alors être confronté à un problème de lisibilité entre les plages de

15:42
Nouvelle adresse et nouvelles références pour IETI Consultants
sur BalizMedia : Communiqués de presse

Dans la continuité de la dynamique initiée par la Directive INSPIRE, les démarches de mutualisation de l'information géographique et de catalogage des données géographiques sont plus que jamais d'actualité. IETI Consultants termine l'année 2009 en décrochant plusieurs nouvelles références significatives dans ces deux domaines :

- Plate-forme GéoBourgogne : assistance à la mise en oeuvre d'une stratégie partenariale de catalogage des données géographiques dans le cadre de la plate-forme GéoBourgogne.

- DRE Bretagne : évaluation technique, organisationnelle et juridique de la plate-forme GéoBretagne®.
Lire la suite...

15:36
Autodesk Design Visualization Show Reel 2009Vector One
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

The folks at Autodesk have put together this video which is well done. The music is catchy too. Have a look.

15:30
Samsung et deCarta dévoilent les applications géodépendantes sur la plateforme bada pour Smartphone
sur Directions Magazine : Communiqués de presse

Samsung et deCarta dévoilent les applications géodépendantes sur la plateforme bada pour Smartphone

15:29
L’avenir des géomaticiens de France
sur HelioMap

Le métier de géomaticien en France subit quelques aléas dans le monde de l’entreprise. Dans un monde touché de plein fouet par la crise économique, les ingénieurs SIG ont peine à trouver un travail valorisant. Les géomaticiens fraichement sortis des écoles et des universités trouvent généralement du travail dans le milieu de l’édition ; ces cartes produites à la chaine en quelques heures n’apportant aucune plus value pour l’exécuteur.

Géomaticien & Informaticien

De base, la formation d’un géomaticien est orientée vers les Systèmes d’Informations géographiques et la cartographie. De nos jours, les besoins des entreprises évoluent et changent. On recherche un géomaticien pour son gout à produire des cartes et on recherche des informaticiens pour produire du code en masse sans véritablement réfléchir aux besoins en aval.

Malheureux pour nous, les postes à responsabilités SIG sont gardés par des personnes qui adorent les cartes mais qui ont aucune connaissance dans la gestion de l’information géographique (valorisation de la donnée, enjeux etc).

Combien de fois, dans les offres d’emplois, les entreprises recherchent des informaticiens pour gérer des SIG ou bien des personnes non qualifiées dans ce domaine.

Voyons les choses en face, notre métier est amené à évoluer rapidement vers la programmation géographique. Plus personne ou du moins une faible masse de la population utilise des cartes papiers; GPS et autres mobiles sont d’excellents outils de diffusion de la cartographie numérique. La majorité utlisent TomTom, Google …. Maintenant, n’importe qui peut produire de l’information géographique pour le plus grand bonheur de chacun. Mais la gestion, la production, les enjeux, la valorisation de l’information géographique sont les affaires des spécialistes SIG.

Mes inquiétudes se confirment lorsqu’on lit: « Le concours d’Ingénieur territorial est-il fermé aux Masters formant à la Géomatique? ». J’espère que l’enquête permettra de mettre à lumière les dysfonctionnements de recrutement au sein même des services publics.

Alors pourquoi être concurrencés par des informaticiens?

Revenons rapidement à la formation des géomaticiens. Les chers professeurs des écoles et des universités enseignent de la théorie en majorité même si les cours pratique commencent à pointer leurs nez. Là n’est pas le souci. Je pense que les professeurs ont une vue plus ou moins ancienne (1990) avec la géomatique d’aujourd’hui. Maintenant les entreprises demandent que le géomaticien sache aussi bien gérer de l’information que programmer dans divers langages de programmation. Alors, je conseille à chaque étudiant SIG de suivre des cours de programmation pour éventuellement être embauché par une entreprise à la fin de ses études.

En conclusion, l’ingénieur géomaticien doit évoluer rapidement avec les mœurs de l’information géographique. Il doit pouvoir comprendre les nouveaux enjeux et les futures problématiques car s’il ne le fait pas il sera rapidement détrôné par des ingénieurs informaticiens.

15:22
Google's New Visual Search Application
sur Google Maps Mania

Google Goggles

Google's new Android phone application, Google Goggles, allows mobile phones to carry out visual searches, using images rather than text. Users take a picture of something with their camera phone and Google will return results based purely on the photograph.

Goggles establishes a correspondence between different parts of an image and
Google's stock images. After finding a match Google can then return search results for whatever you have photographed.

For locations and places in the real world it is not even necessary to take a photo. You can just open Goggles in your mobile phone and thanks to GPS and the device compass Goggles recognizes the location and displays its name in the camera viewfinder using augmented reality technology (the guys from Enkin I believe are responsible for the AR technology).

Wyszdom.com has produced this cool video to show how you can use Goggles to geo-tag old photographs when you can't remember where they were taken,

________________

15:17
UK Post Code Data to go free by April 2010
sur All Points Blog

- BBC via @herrdoktorc...Read more

15:17
UK Post Code Data to go free by April 2010All Points Blog
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

- BBC via @herrdoktorc...Read more
14:49
Place Pages arrive in Google EarthGoogle Earth Blog
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

A few months ago, Google added a new feature to Google Maps called Place Pages. Their description of them is a "webpage for every place in the world". They have these auto-generated pages for every location found in Google Maps -- restaurants, landmarks, cities, transit stations, etc. If you visit the page for a place you own, you have the ability to edit the page, add photos, etc. It's pretty neat.

Now you can see that information inside of Google Earth and it's very easy to do. When viewing a business or other POI in Google Earth, just click on the "View More Information" link and you'll see their page.

When viewing a page, you can expand many of the sections by clicking the appropriate "more" link within the page ("more photos", "more reviews", etc).

It's a very minor change to Google Earth, but opens up a ton of data for you to access while you're in there. This seems to be another step toward making all of the data from Google Maps available in Google Earth (and vice-versa), which will help make both programs more useful for everyone.

14:38
Many (!) People Correct Misuse of term GIS in Madison, WI Snow Article
sur All Points Blog

This is great! Open comments and folks commenting and correcting a reference to GIS that should likely have been GPS! Of course, UW-Madison does have a great geography department and GIS faculty and students; perhaps they are involved. - Channel30...Read more

14:38
Many (!) People Correct Misuse of term GIS in Madison, WI Snow ArticleAll Points Blog
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

This is great! Open comments and folks commenting and correcting a reference to GIS that should likely have been GPS! Of course, UW-Madison does have a great geography department and GIS faculty and students; perhaps they are involved. - Channel30...Read more

14:33
Geoff Zeiss: MEST 2009: One Stop Shop Building Permitting with Mandatory Electronic Submissions
sur Planet OSGeo
I am at MEST 2009 in Bahrain where I had the opportunity to speak about the New Interoperability Challenge: The Convergence of BIM, CAD, GIS, and 3D and some related topics.
I listened to a fascinating presentation by Venkatesa Kumar about the Municipal One Stop Shop for building permitting that the Information System Directorate of the Ministry Of Municipalities & Agriculture Affairs of the Kingdom of Bahrain has implemented. I have blogged previously about Singapore's world leading building permitting system, and so was very interested to find that Bahrain's permitting system not only has similar objectives
- Improve the accuracy of submissions
- Automate the permit application review process
- Map urban development projects and applications
but also that electronic submissions are mandatory in Bahrain, as they are in Singapore. The government offices that review building permit applications include Electricity, Water, Civil Defense, Roads and Highways, Sewerage, and others. Singapore has been a strong supporter of building information modeling (BIM) and supports architectural and structural BIM submissions (MEP BIM is coming soon I've been told), in addition to 2D electronic drawing submissions (DWG, DWF, DGN, DXF, and PDF). In Bahrain currently only 2D electronic drawing (DWG, DWF) submissions are supported, though I sensed real interest in BIM at MEST 2009. According to Mr. Kumar, the electronic building permitting system in Bahrain has already managed to reduce the average time required to grant a provisional building permit from six months to one week, which represents a tremendous achievement.

14:19
New Utilities For mkgmap – Converting Open Street Map Data To Garmin Vector FormatFree Geography Tools
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

Last year, I posted about using the free command-line utility mkgmap to convert Open Street Map (.osm) data into the .img format used by Garmin GPS units, with a later post trying it out with US OSM data based on TIGER data. If you need to access any of the command-line options, you’ll need to use [...]

14:10
Google Maps of Tiger Woods
sur Google Maps Mania

I've been desperately trying to avoid reading or hearing any Tiger Woods gossip over the last week or so. That's all now been ruined by these two Google Maps mashups.

Tiger Woods Tweets

This map is the perfect solution for those intrigued by the Tiger Wood's story. The map animates through all the latest Tweets mentioning the golfer.

So if you like your gossip salacious all you need do is fire up this map and sit back and watch as the world wags its collective tongue.

Map of Tiger's Women
This Google My Map purports to map Tiger Woods' women. The creator of the map has made it collaborative so anyone can add to the map. However the map's maker does say that "in order to keep the map manageable, please only include those since he's been married."

________________

14:09
CIA Consulted with Famous Magician For Enhancing the Art of Espionagegot geoint?
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

When you cover the comings and goings of the intelligence community, sometimes real life can be stranger and more interesting than fiction. This is certainly the case in a">[www.abcnews.go.com] story we uncovered about the CIA in the 1950s tapping into a famous magician to help the agency with the “art of espionage.” In a recently unearthed and published manual called “The Official C.I.A. Manual of Trickery and Deception,” American magician John Mulholland describes Houdini-like tricks designed to help spies pull off a number of clandestine operations, such as slipping poison into an enemy’s drink or surreptitiously removing documents. Pretty cool insight into the agency back in the 1950s, and at the time, it was probably a fairly innovative program. My how the times have changed though…we need much more than magic tricks to help defeat our enemies.

13:40
Public San Diego Data on a Map: MappingSanDiego.com
sur All Points Blog

Innovative Mapping collected up public data on San Diego, CA and knit them into an online interactive map. I think this is another step in making online mapping more desktop GIS-like. This is very much a rich Internet experience. I was most impre...Read more

13:40
Public San Diego Data on a Map: MappingSanDiego.comAll Points Blog
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

Innovative Mapping collected up public data on San Diego, CA and knit them into an online interactive map. I think this is another step in making online mapping more desktop GIS-like. This is very much a rich Internet experience. I was most impre...Read more

13:27
Mateusz Loskot: GDAL meets EDINA
sur Planet OSGeo

Martin Daly has started posting on A Higher Education with details about use case of GDAL to serve large datasets through Web:

We use GDAL to read the files, and were opening them via GDALOpenShared, so that GDAL only opened the file once and used reference counting to manage the lifetime of the GDALDataset object. Unfortunately (for us) GDAL is not thread safe. This isn’t a criticism, the fault is entirely ours for using it in this way.

Criticism or not, the reality is that we (software developers) have already jumped to an era of parallelism (count number of physical or logical CPUs in your computer) where thread-safety becomes a minimum requirement as basic as avoiding buffer overruns.

13:27
GDAL meets EDINAMateusz Loskot » gis
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

Martin Daly has started posting on A Higher Education with details about use case of GDAL to serve large datasets through Web:

We use GDAL to read the files, and were opening them via GDALOpenShared, so that GDAL only opened the file once and used reference counting to manage the lifetime of the GDALDataset object. Unfortunately (for us) GDAL is not thread safe. This isn’t a criticism, the fault is entirely ours for using it in this way.

Criticism or not, the reality is that we (software developers) have already jumped to an era of parallelism (count number of physical or logical CPUs in your computer) where thread-safety becomes a minimum requirement as basic as avoiding buffer overruns.
13:00
Geospatial in the News (Roundup)All Points Blog
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

The American Surveyor visited GeoEye and tells the story in "Eye In The Sky: A Visit to GeoEye." Rising Voices (part of Global Voices) looks at OpenStreetMap mapping in San Javier La Loma, Colombia. The Bureau of Lands and Survey in Ogun State ...Read more

13:00
Geospatial in the News (Roundup)
sur All Points Blog

The American Surveyor visited GeoEye and tells the story in "Eye In The Sky: A Visit to GeoEye." Rising Voices (part of Global Voices) looks at OpenStreetMap mapping in San Javier La Loma, Colombia. The Bureau of Lands and Survey in Ogun State ...Read more

12:47
[OSM] Mapzen, une alternative à JOSM/Potlatch/Merkartor
sur Faire joujou avec son GPS

[OSM] Mapzen, une alternative à JOSM/Potlatch/Merkartor

12:38
Nightly Global Screening in CopenhagenSpatial Sustain
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

A company called Absolute Hollywood has created a 20-meter globe-shaped movie screen in Copenhagen for the COP15 climate conference for nightly viewings of the planet as we are seen from space. The giant movie serves to illustrate our global impacts and to remind those that watch of our finite footprint. Images of the screen at [...]
12:23
Education Wise — Is the GIS Desktop Better Than Cloud Oriented Architecture?Vector One
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

Where’d all the capturing go? One cannot deny the advantages of Cloud oriented architectures for processing and delivering spatial information related data and services. Simplicity results in greater access, use and availability of GIS data and tools. Looking back, half of the time spent on using desktop GIS was oriented around finding data, then working toward [...]
12:00
A Higher Education, Part 2lost in spatial
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

So, ten times slower than an open source WMS and crashing, eh. What now?

First, the instability: if we couldn’t fix that, then no amount of performance gains would be enough.

GeognoSIS runs as a Windows Service and the OGC WMS implementation runs each request in a separate thread. Programming multi-threading is hard, but not impossible. Some languages make it easier, but none completely remove the fundamental issue of allowing multiple threads to safely access shared resources. GeognoSIS was crashing because the concurrent requests were not managing access to some shared resources.

The main culprits were: Index Datasets – a nice feature of SIS that creates and manages a seamless dataset of files that match one of several supported tile naming conventions, in this case British National Grid; the handling of the 1:10 000 Scale Raster TIFF files referenced by those Index Datasets; and the way that SIS coped with huge numbers of Datasets opening and closing concurrently from multiple threads.

In normal GeognoSIS usage, each client connection has independent copies of any Index Dataset, and so there was never any need for the code to handle concurrent usage, e.g. more than one thread opening and closing tiles within different viewing areas. However, the WMS service only had one Index Dataset, but many, many threads potentially, and actually, accessing it. Boom! Luckily it is extremely fast to make a copy of an Index Dataset because it is, more or less, empty, and so we modified GeognoSIS to copy before rendering, meaning that it was no longer a shared resource, and the vast majority of crashes went away.

The next big problem was the raster data referenced by the Index Dataset, supplied by the Ordnance Survey in TIFF format. We use GDAL to read the files, and were opening them via GDALOpenShared, so that GDAL only opened the file once and used reference counting to manage the lifetime of the GDALDataset object. Unfortunately (for us) GDAL is not thread safe. This isn’t a criticism, the fault is entirely ours for using it in this way.

Also, the internal reference counting used by SIS turned out to be inadequate in such a high demand environment. So we completely rewrote it, with the help of the latest C++ TR1 classes introduced in Microsoft Visual C++ 2008.

Stability fixed? Check. Performance fixed? More in Part 3, published tomorrow.

11:20
07/12/2009 : Pagesjaunes.fr lance deux nouveaux modes de recherche inédits
sur SIG la lettre : divers

Enclosure: [download]

Avec son nouveau service de « Recherche par la carte » disponible depuis début décembre, pagesjaunes.fr étoffe la palette de ses modes de recherche en ligne. - Communiqués de presse

11:14
[Humeur] haha
sur Faire joujou avec son GPS

[Humeur] haha

11:10
A lire dans le Bulletin de Spheris n° 43 de décembre 2009
sur SIG la lettre : divers

Enclosure: [download]

A lire dans le Bulletin de Spheris n° 43 de décembre 2009 - Textes en accès libre
11:01
09/12/2009 : Nouvelle adresse et nouvelles références pour IETI Consultants
sur SIG la lettre : divers

Dans la continuité de la dynamique initiée par la Directive INSPIRE, les démarches de mutualisation de l'information géographique et de catalogage des données géographiques sont plus que jamais d'actualité. IETI Consultants termine l'année 2009 en décrochant plusieurs nouvelles références significatives dans ces deux domaines - Communiqués de presse

9:37
Les bonnes ressources MapGuide / Fusion
sur HelioMap
Pour les personnes qui souhaiteraient utiliser la technologie fusion, voici quelques ressources qui vous seront bien utiles pour concevoir votre propre web application.

Les forums spécialisés SIG :
- Forum SIG
- Georezo
- Nabble dédié à la fois à MapGuide et à Fusion. Ces deux derniers forums sont une véritable ruche pour les développeurs MapGuide et Fusion. Profitez-en !!
Pour débuter dans le développement avec Fusion, le Guide développeur MapGuide enterprise 2010 est complet pour une première vue d’ensemble. Attention, certaines fonctions du document PDF ont été renommées. Regardez dans le dom (Firebug) avant d’appeler la fonction.

N’hesitez pas voir les forums asiatiques, certes la barrière de la langue est présente mais Google est là pour nous aider à traduire.

Un wiki sur Fusion existe sur la toile. Plutôt bien documenté, il permet de suivre l’évolution du viewer.

Vu que fusion utilise les libraires javascript d’Open Layers, la documentation est présente ici. Tous les widgets standards y sont définis et vous renseignent sur leur utilité dans l’application.

Par ailleurs, si vous souhaitez vous informer sur les white papers d’Autodesk MapGuide Enterprise, rendez vous à cette adresse. Il existe un showcase sur les clients qui utilisent MapGuide 2010.

Je vous aurais bien proposé les forums Autodesk mais ils sont vides de tout commentaire.

Bonne navigation !!

9:15
Jackie Ng: FDO Toolbox v0.9.1
sur Planet OSGeo
Here's a new release, with lots of useful fixes.
New Stuff
- Added an express connection option for ArcSDE
- The BulkCopy command in FdoUtil.exe now has a geometry flattening parameter (-flatten)
- A "fix schema incompatibilities" option is now available when creating an SDF/SHP/SQLite files with a loaded feature schema definition.
- You can now delete/update multiple selected rows in a Data Query result set. Same restrictions apply (eg. No identity properties in result set = Can't update/delete)
- You can now have connection names with slashes in them, these are interpreted as folder names when saving to / loading from the session directory.
Fixed Stuff
- When doing a partial schema save, additional checks are performed to prevent an invalid schema from being saved (eg. A unique constraint for a property that is removed)
- Fixed the BulkCopy command in FdoUtil.exe to work with the new Bulk Copy API
- Fixed the RunTask command in FdoUtil.exe where it was really possible for the wrong data source to be trashed if your copy tasks had DeleteTarget = true
- Queries performed in the Data Query UI are now done using qualified class names. This should now work on data stores with multiple schemas each containing 1 or more identically named feature classes.
- Fixed SQL Server saved connections not reloading on next startup
Other Stuff of note
- Since we are now targeting .net Framework 2.0 SP1, I can now take advantage of some of the new C#3.0 features while still being able to target framework 2.0. As a result the project files have been migrated to Visual Studio 2008 format. You'll need msbuild from .net Framework 3.5 to build the source code if you do not have Visual Studio 2008 installed.
- Data Query is currently broken in ArcSDE. I'm looking for a solution
Download
Report bugs / feature requests

3:47
The great OpenStreetMap license debategeothought
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

If you are involved with OpenStreetMap, you may or may not be aware that a lot of work has been been going on to develop a new license. If you are signed up for any of the OpenStreetMap mailing lists, then you certainly know that this work has been going on, as there has been a torrent of emails containing very heated debate on the topic over the past week or so (although work in this area has
3:11
Case Study: Real-time GPS Mapping and GIS Solution Aids Efficient Disaster ManagementGIS Lounge - Geographic Information Systems
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

Saturday, February 7, 2009 will forever be known as Black Saturday in the state of Victoria, Australia. In the midst of a 10-year drought, a record-breaking heat wave descended upon the state, with temperatures exceeding 45 degrees Celsius (110-120 degrees Fahrenheit), breaking all-time record highs in some cities. Under these severe weather conditions, fallen power lines, [...]
2:23
Revit and Point CloudsLiDAR News
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com
1. A 15 acre culturally significant site in Saudi Arabia included the ruins of a number of mud buildings. Scanning was the only practical method for capturing the as found condition.
2. Much to the surprise of many AU attendees the firm was able to come up with a workflow that eventually loaded the point clouds into Revit.
3. The Revit product managers need to hear from users that point cloud support is important.
I sat in on a presentation today that involved a cultural site in Saudi Arabia. It was an urban renewal project that covered 15 acres and involved a number of very old ruins, that had to be accurately restored as part of the project. Traditional surveying was out of the question, given the remote location, but more importantly because of the poor condition of the very old mud construction. The only hope for accurately documenting the existing condition was laser scanning.

As the speaker noted, he had just returned from AU where he heard from a number of people that it was just not possible to load point cloud data into Revit. He had to disagree, since for the past 6 months his firm had been working with point clouds from the Saudi project using Revit. The only catch was the convoluted 6 step workflow and the fairly small limitation on file sizes. He did manage to load point clouds into Revit, but it was less than ideal.

I am not sure why the Revit product managers do not see a need to support point clouds. With their product the de facto BIM standard it seems to me that it makes sense to support 3D data in a 3D modeling environment. Customers need to send this group a message.

1:54
Edmar Moretti: Olhos de pássaro
sur Planet OSGeo

O Blog Google Lat Long anunciou uma nova forma de visualizar as imagens de satélite no Google Maps, chamado "perspectiva aérea", ou algo assim. A API do Google já pode usar esse tipo de visualização, que está disponível para dois lugares na Califórnia (exemplo aqui).

Essa nova perspectiva também é chamada de "olhos de pássaro" (será que tem alguma tradução melhor para isso?), ou seja, é como se o observador estivesse dentro de um avião olhando pela janela. Porém, esse nome já foi, digamos, "apropriado" pelo Bing Maps, que faz isso há mais tempo (mais ou menos uns 5 dias) que o Google, veja aqui um exemplo do Bing.

Dessa vez o Google é que está correndo atrás do prejuízo.

.

0:13
1709 — The Year Europe Froze SolidVector One
sur Planet Geospatial - http://planetgs.com

Keeping on the theme of changing climate this week, did you know that Europe froze in 1709? From Scandinavia to Italy, the land was frozen solid — for almost three weeks. The British referred to it as the ‘Great Frost.’ “Venetians were able to skid across the frozen lagoon (see painting). ”

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Enclosure: [download]

Enclosure: [download]